Ten years after the historic impact of harmful algal blooms in 2016, Dr. Óscar Espinoza, head of the Center for the Study of Harmful Algae (CREAN) at the Fisheries Development Institute (IFOP), analyzes the current challenges posed by the El Niño phenomenon in 2026 and the effects of climate change on the ocean. In this conversation, the specialist details how Chile has strengthened its scientific capacity through advanced monitoring and forecasting systems such as SIOM and Chonos, key tools for anticipating complex scenarios and protecting the coasts and fjords of southern Chile.